Audio Lingual Method free essay sample

Look into the Direct Method and the Audio-Lingual Method. (1) Both are oral-based methodologies. (2) The Direct Method underlines jargon obtaining through presentation to its utilization in circumstances; the Audio-Lingual Method drills understudies in the utilization of syntactic sentence designs. (3) Unlike the Direct Method, the Audio-Lingual Method has a solid hypothetical base in phonetics and brain science. 2-How has the social brain science impacted the Audio-Lingual Method? It was imagined that the best approach to secure the sentence examples of the objective language was through conditioningâ€helping students to react accurately to boosts through forming and fortification. (2) Learners could defeat the propensities for their local language and structure the new propensities required to be target language speakers. 3-Define a retrogressive develop drill (extension drill). Express its motivation and favorable circumstances. (1) Definition: The educator separates a line into a few sections. The understudies rehash a piece of the sentence, normally the last expression of the line. The creator additionally puts out her proposals for the utilization of the ALM in the second language homeroom. 2. 1 HISTORY By the principal half of the twentieth century, the Direct Method had lost its fame in the U. S. Be that as it may, it is accepted that the decrease of the Direct Method achieved the development of the ALM. As Brown (2001) puts it: â€Å" by the center of the twentieth century, the Direct Method was restored and diverted into what was likely the most obvious of all language instructing â€Å"revolutions† in the cutting edge period, the Audio-lingual Method. † The U. S. instructive organizations at the time despite everything accepted that a perusing approach like the Grammar Translation Method was more pragmatic than an oral one. Along these lines the 1930s and 1940s saw the Grammar Translation Method going solid in all schools over the U. S. Be that as it may, after World War II, the U. S. saw a dire requirement for her to be orally capable in the language of her partners just as adversaries. This prompted an intense change in 4 the current perspective on language instructing from a negligible perusing way to deal with one with a heavier accentuation on aural and oral aptitudes. Unique escalated language programs were created by the U. S. armed force which came to be known as the Army Specialized Training Program (ASTP), or all the more essentially, the Army Method. During the 1950s, the Army Method was renamed the Audiolingual Method. 3. 1 PRINCIPLES OF ALM A portion of the primary standards of language learning in the ALM are expressed by Alkhuli 2005 (as refered to by Abdel-Rahman Abu-Melhim in the International Forum of Teaching and Studies). One of these standards is that the subsequent language learning procedure ought to be like that of first language securing. This agrees to the common request of language realizing which is tuning in, talking, perusing lastly, composing. It is accepted that the student initially figures out how to talk what he has tuned in to, at that point read what he has spoken, and compose what he has perused. In this way, the ALM underscores on tuning in and talking aptitudes so as to encourage the advancement of perusing and composing abilities other than expanding open competency. Another standard is that the subsequent language is best procured by propensity arrangement. A propensity is made when an activity is rehashed and is in this way created 5 in light of specific upgrades nearly without cognizant action. This is accomplished by means of the monotonous example rehearses that are an integral part of the ALM. Interpretation of the objective language into the local language is viewed as hurtful and will ruin securing of the subsequent language. Such interpretations are accepted to block the dominance or control of the subsequent language. At the point when the objective language is utilized in all conditions in the homeroom, students figure out how to make direct associations between the jargon and its semantics in the objective language itself, which is perfect for powerful second language learning. Be that as it may, these standards are only suspicions. Counter-contentions include: second language taking in is totally not quite the same as local language obtaining in various angles. Also, the characteristic request of language discovering that the ALM weights on is unimportant in light of the fact that the four language aptitudes can be grown at the same time as opposed to successively. The learning of a subsequent language isn't really a procedure of propensity arrangement where reactions are evoked by boosts, yet additionally includes the psychological. At long last, interpretation into the local language has demonstrated a valuable strategy without a doubt in learning a subsequent language, showed in strategies, for example, the Grammar Translation Method. 4. 1 MAIN FEATURES As previously mentioned, the ALM follows the characteristic request of language learning. The utilization of redundant drills is legitimized in forming another â€Å"habit† for learning the second 6 language. Improvements reactions are normal and right ones are promptly strengthened as molding, simultaneous with the perspectives on social brain science. The local language likewise assumes an insignificant job in the ALM. Just the objective language is utilized inside the study hall by both educator and students. New material in the objective language is additionally presented in exchange structure, nearest to a characteristic situational setting for students to increase informative fitness and aptitudes. Demonstrating is finished by the educator whereby a specific structure of sentence is spoken and students rehash the sentence, copying its sound examples and inflection, and focusing on indistinguishable quality. Slips in learners’ way to express words in the sentence are quickly amended by the educator to stay away from arrangement of â€Å"bad habits†. Syntax rules are not instructed unequivocally however are required to be instigated by the students through the different models and examples that are presented to them during the exercise. Contrastive investigations are additionally done between the local language and the objective language so as to cause learner’s to notice contrasts in example, structure and sound arrangement of the two dialects. 5. 1 TECHNIQUES There are numerous strategies utilized in the homeroom that advocate the fundamental standards (or suspicions) of the ALM, and are additionally founded on the previously mentioned two primary ways of thinking for the said strategy. 7 One of the primary strategies utilized is of presenting new learning material as a discourse. A model discussion is investigated, separated and retained through mimicry. Exchanges are viewed as a characteristic conversational ontext that will help students in applying learned structures and jargon. Numerous drills are utilized in the ALM. The regressive develop drill (extension drill) separates a troublesome sentence into littler parts. Typically the last expression of the sentence is rehashed by the students and afterward parts are included, or extended, until students can rehash the total sentence moving along without any more difficulty. Single-space replacement drills require the students to substitute in signals given by the instructor into a specific opening in the sentence. Various opening replacement penetrates then again, require a more elevated level of ability from the students. Students must perceive specific openings inside the sentence to substitute the signals given by the instructor, every so often modifying subject-action word understandings also. Different drills incorporate the redundancy drill, chain drill, change drill and question-and-answer drill. (Allude to Appendix A) 6. 1 ADVANTAGES When contrasted with an extraordinary strategy like the Grammar Translation Method, where perusing and composing are so worried on that talking and listening abilities are dismissed, ALM builds up the aural/oral aptitudes of students. Students through the ALM can take part in situational settings ably. 8 What's more, students are progressively mindful of the phonetic parts of the language. Through displaying and mimicry, students give more consideration to legitimate elocution and inflection. Mistakes in articulation are quickly managed, while right reactions are decidedly strengthened. Students are touchy to the sound and know about their various elements of addressing, mentioning, arguing and so on. Through replacement drills, students likewise figure out how to perceive the fringes between the expressions that make up the sentence. They are additionally presented to a wide range of sentences that have comparable structures through redundancy penetrates too. Transformational drills assist students with acclimating with question labels and their relating answers, positive and negative sentences and even dynamic and inactive ones. Such a wide assortment of sentence and question structures serve to upgrade learners’ open capacity. 7. 1 DISADVANTAGES Although the drills that are the ALM’s recognizing highlight might be viewed as one of its qualities, they are likewise its shortcoming. Such bores rule out inventiveness, making students lose intrigue or feel exhausted in the study hall. At the point when students lose their inspiration, it adversely influences their advancement in second language learning. New jargon learned is additionally constrained in setting. Rather, the sound framework and linguistic examples are accentuated on additional. Students are shown set expressions in slop redundancy because of specific inquiries, where the structure and structure are 9 featured. Thusly, students are just penetrated to react effectively with answers that are anticipated from them without thinking about its importance. For instance, the set expression, â€Å"Fine, thank you,† is instructed as a reaction to the inquiry â€Å"How right? † which students utilize in any event, when they feel in any case. This marvel is tantamount to robots that have no cognizance and just give specific reactions to specific boosts! There is infrequently any variety in learners’ reactions other than the ones that have been educated. In this manner, communication and discourse is extremely schematic and unnatural. To put it plainly, informative compe

The Resistance to Change Essay -- Case Study

Recall the principal day of any class one was permitted to pick their preferred seating. The subsequent day, everybody chooses to sit in a similar seating as the earlier day. The third day goes along and as one strolls into the study hall, one notification that somebody is sitting in their seat. The vibe of being rattled takes over alongside being awkward for the rest of the day. The accompanying inquiries at that point emerge: â€Å"why does this marvel occur?† Yukl states â€Å"Resistance to change is a typical wonder for people and associations (Yuki, 285).† Let’s now turn our consideration at the contextual analysis that was introduced by Almah J. Joseph â€Å"Dilemma at the Public Service Department.† Being set into a high political office or in any administration position can be hard to change into when it is another association they are entering. The new pioneer set in office as of now contains another point of view with respect to how the associati on ought to be run. Then again, the workers that are as of now in the association have the social viewpoint that was put upon them through their past pioneer. Like the seating marvel that was recently portrayed, there will be protection from change, and as an innovator in an association, they should figure out how to roll out this improvement happen. Selected just because as official of the Public Service Department, Alex is confronted with the predicament of endeavoring to fixed, what is by all accounts a degenerate Department. In Grover Starling’s book, â€Å"Managing the Public Sector,† he portrays a couple â€Å"pitfalls of open part arranging in which Alex is by all accounts working on (Starling, 227). These traps incorporate under arranging, attempting to do excessively, and overlooking unintended outcomes. First ... ...al point of view to console that individuals inside and remotely are being taken consideration assuming decently. Persistence for this situation would have been useful and permitted him over a day to get ready for how he could have handled the issue. Rather than handling every one of the three cases, he could have gone with a progressively reasonable methodology of taking care of the circumstance. Each case in turn would have been more perfect than handling them all at one. With everything taken into account, Alex committed a few errors however his activities were for the correct reasons. Works Cited Joseph, A., M. â€Å"The Dilemma at the Public Service Department† in Public Performance and Management Review, Vol. 24, No. 3, March 2001, pp. 285-287 Starling, G. (2010). Dealing with the open part. (ninth ed.). Boston, MA: Wadsworth Pub Co. Yukl, Gary. 2006. Authority in Organizations, sixth version. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, Chapter 10.

A look at SIPA Love Stories 2016 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

A look at SIPA Love Stories 2016 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Valentines Day is right around the corner, and this time last year I shared  a weeks worth of love stories featuring some of our Seeple.  Ive teamed up with  Columbia Alumni Association again to  bring you even more SIPA-centered love connections. So check back every day this week until Valentines Day to  read our newest love stories. In the meantime, heres a recap of last years true-love tales: Introducing SIPA Love Stories  by  Jimmy F. Vilma S., SIPA 07 SIPA Love Stories: Not even walking pneumonia could prevent this love connection  by Dana and Dennis SIPA Love Stories: St. Patty’s Day Intervention  by Melissa W. NRS 83, and Brian L,. SIPA 81 SIPA Love Stories: ‘It was hard to recognize you with clothes on’  by  Carole, SIPA 11, and Matthew, PhD, APAM 13 SIPA Love Stories: Andrea and Pal  by  Andrea,  SIPA 73, and Pal, CC 69; GSAPP 76 SIPA Love Stories: Love is a poem  by Alinson SIPA Love Stories: The Newest Connections, Pt. 1  by  Andres (Andy) Lalinde, and Pt. 2 by  Silvia Siller Find the entire Love Stories collection in  Columbia Alumni Association’s  Facebook album.

A look at SIPA Love Stories 2016 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

A look at SIPA Love Stories 2016 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Valentines Day is right around the corner, and this time last year I shared  a weeks worth of love stories featuring some of our Seeple.  Ive teamed up with  Columbia Alumni Association again to  bring you even more SIPA-centered love connections. So check back every day this week until Valentines Day to  read our newest love stories. In the meantime, heres a recap of last years true-love tales: Introducing SIPA Love Stories  by  Jimmy F. Vilma S., SIPA 07 SIPA Love Stories: Not even walking pneumonia could prevent this love connection  by Dana and Dennis SIPA Love Stories: St. Patty’s Day Intervention  by Melissa W. NRS 83, and Brian L,. SIPA 81 SIPA Love Stories: ‘It was hard to recognize you with clothes on’  by  Carole, SIPA 11, and Matthew, PhD, APAM 13 SIPA Love Stories: Andrea and Pal  by  Andrea,  SIPA 73, and Pal, CC 69; GSAPP 76 SIPA Love Stories: Love is a poem  by Alinson SIPA Love Stories: The Newest Connections, Pt. 1  by  Andres (Andy) Lalinde, and Pt. 2 by  Silvia Siller Find the entire Love Stories collection in  Columbia Alumni Association’s  Facebook album.

Movie Review The Fault Of Love - 1610 Words

Most romance movies will follow the generic Hollywood formula of love. The Hollywood formula consists of â€Å"boy wants girl, girl rejects boy, boy persists and boy gets girl.† When this formula is expressed in so many movies, it teaches young boys that if you keep persisting, it will eventually pay off and get you want you want. It teaches people to be stubborn and controlling in the hopes of proving their love. As stated in DeBeckers, 1997, â€Å"Persistence only proves persistence; it does not prove love.† The Hollywood formula of love is expressed in the movie The Fault in Our Stars by John Green which is a movie about a teenage romance affected by real problems. The story is about the main character Hazel Grace, who is trying to live a normal†¦show more content†¦Hazel was already lonely, facing depression and needed someone to talk to so she seemed easily approachable. Augustus continues to stare at her during the whole time using this to â€Å"charmâ⠂¬  her before he even said anything. When they both left the building, she was waiting outside for her ride when he approaches her and smiles widely. Smiling is one of the best ways to prove you are a friendly person and Augustus did it on purpose. As stated in DeBecker, 1997, â€Å"a smile is a typical way to mask true emotions†. Augustus continues to have small talk with Hazel and after talking to her for a while, he decides to call her beautiful. Hazel is not interested in any relationships and Augustus is pushing it upon her. Even after the first interaction, Augustus continues to be overly friendly with Hazel to please her. He does numerous things to showcase his friendliness like dropping flowers over to her house and starting to pick her up from school. He goes out of his way to make the effort in getting her. This is one of the survival signals that De Becker mentions in his book because this can be seen as â€Å"someone trying to charm her† rather than that person being charming. Although Augustus had no bad intentions towards her, since he was trying to be very friendly it could seem that he is trying to force on an expression which he does not have already. Since Hazel did not want a relationship, he was trying to charmShow MoreRelatedThe Movie Moonstruck Essay1478 Words   |  6 Pagesby Norman Jewison. The movie was released on December 18, 1987, achieving positive reviews from movie critics all over the world. The film went on to gross over $80,000,000 at the box office, making it one of the highest grossing films of that year. The film was nominated for six Oscars at the 60th Academy Awards, winning three for Best Original Screenplay, Best Actress, and Best Supporting Actress (Wikipedia). 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Death of a Hero in Modern Tragedy Essay - 607 Words

Death of a Hero in Modern Tragedy *No Works Cited Is there anything that can evoke more emotion from an audience than a heros downfall? The most effective plays in history, from Oedipus , the most famous of all tragedies, to plays like Romeo and Juliet , tragedies are always the plays with the greatest emotional impact on an audience. There are many critics who believe that tragedies can no longer be effectively written in todays world. These critics believe that the tragic mode is archaic, fit only for the very highly placed, the kings or the kingly and therefore cannot realistically exist in the modern world (Tragedy 1). Tragedy is possible in the modern world. In fact, modern tragedy has the potential to affect an†¦show more content†¦In the light of modern psychiatry, which bases its analysis upon classic formulations... which apply to everyone in similar emotional situations( Tragedy 1). According to Miller, an Oedipus complex, although originally portrayed by a King, could as easily be transferred to any chara cter to be a tragic hero in todays world. Willy, in the play, as well as any character, is described by his virtues. The following quote is almost like a description of Willys virtues; I think tragic feeling is evoked in us when we are in the presence of a character who is ready to lay down his life, if need be, to secure one thing-his sense of personal dignity... to gain his rightful place in society( Tragedy 1). The entire play is the story of Willys quest to gain his niche in society. Willy believes he deserves to be wealthy, well liked, and respected. Willy decides the only way he can preserve his dignity and gain his societal niche is by committing suicide; Its twenty thousand dollars... guaranteed... Ben, the funeral will be massive!( Death 126). A powerful feeling is felt in the audience when they see Willys only option is suicide. 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The Trend Of Citizen Journalism - 920 Words

The Trend of Citizen Journalism – a Critical Development in Journalism With the advent of low cost consumer photography equipment, including camera phones, citizen journalism has become more widespread. During newsworthy incidents many people may be present with the capability to snap a picture. This capability of photography at the scene of a newsworthy event may produce information that can be helpful – and vital depending on the nature of the newsworthy event. While safety of the photographer is a concern – the same concerns exist for a professional journalist. The potential benefit of a mass capture of information by many sources may far outweigh the negatives. If the photographer feels that their safety is not in jeopardy and no un-necessary risks are taken – then photography is acceptable. In today’s society, it is up to the judgment and common sense of the witness to record whatever even they are observing. Safety is a serious and growing concern of today’s society. Many rules and safety concerns exist today which were nonexistent in the past. Research, observation, and an overwhelming amount of information has resulted in far more rules and regulations for today’s citizens. Another part of our progressing society has been the advancement and adoption of technology in our daily lives. Just about everyone has a phone capable of taking pictures. The prevalence of cameras in the hands of people differs from the past – as recent as the 1990s – where few peopleShow MoreRelatedSocial Media Is Pointless And Detrimental1641 Words   |  7 Pageswatching funny videos, but it also increases the generation of informational content and citizen participation in political discussions. In early 2011, thousands of Syrian, especially youth from labor unions, indented to risk their lives to protest against the authoritarian government. By August 2015, more than 250,000 c itizens had been killed in the conflict. 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BUS 640 Week Two Assignment Paper Essay Example For Students

BUS 640 Week Two Assignment Paper Essay David A. Keith BUS 640Managerial Economics InstructorZhiminHuang September 27, 2017 Problem OneA. Which of the twooptions should Patricia pursue if she wants to open a restaurant in a suburban area of Los Angeles? Calculate the total expected utility from each restaurant option and compare. Graph is not required. Describe your answer, and show your calculations. With giving information for solvingproblem one goes to show the importance of taste to the public just as much as cost for foods in opening her restaurant within LA regions. In addition, if we use weight score methods, where weight within 3 attributes are calculated will look like: Thetasteequals 6 divided by (6+2+3) equals 6 divided by 11 Forlocationsequals 2 divided by (6+2+3) equals 2 divided by 11 Forpriceequals 3 divided by (6+2+3) equals 3 divided by 11 The expected sum utilities within posting therestaurant for steaks in LA equals 6 divided by 11 times 80+2 divided by 11 times 55+ 3 divided by 11 times 65 equals 71.36. The expected sum utilities within posting the restaurant for pizza in LA equals 6 divided by 11 times 70+2 divided by 11 times 80+3 divided by 11 times 50 equals 66.36. Problem Two B. Which of the two options should she pick if she plans to open a restaurant in the Los Angeles metropolitan area? Describe your answer, and show your calculations. Within this problem, we see the importance of locations inopeninga business which is just as important to Patricia as price is to her. This comes as much: Thetasteequals2 divided by (6+2+3) equals 2 divided by 11 Thelocationsequal 6 divided by (6+2+3) equals 6 divided by 11 Thepriceequals 3 divided by (6+2+3) equals 3 divided by 11 The sum of these utilities expected comes with restaurant for steaks within the metropolitan regions, equal 2 divided 11 times 80+6 divided by 11 times 55+3 divided 11 times 65 equals 62.27. The sum of these utilities expected comes with restaurant for pizza within the metropolitan regions, equal 2 divided by 11 times 70+6 divided by 11 times 8+3 divided by 11 times 50 equals 70. Within these sums, it is seen that Patricia would be likely to go for restaurant for pizza in LA. Problem One C. Which option should she pursue if the probability of finding a restaurant venue in a suburban area can be reliably estimated as 0.7 and in a metropolitan area as 0.3? Describe your reasoning and show your calculations. The cause for searching in a suburban region for a business equals to point 7 The cause for searching in a metropolitan region for a business equals to point 3 Thisbrings us to the restaurant for steaks equaling to .7 times 71.36 plus .3 times 62.27 equals 68.64. This brings us to the restaurant for pizza equaling to .7 times 66.36 plus .3 times 70 equals 67.45. it is seen that Patricia is better at opening the restaurant for steak because of expected utilities being high within that location. Problem One D. Provide a description of a scenario in which this kind of decision between two choices, based on weighing their underlying attributes, applies in the real-world business setting. Furthermore, what are the benefits and drawbacks, if any, to thismethod of decision making? In the world we live in today, weight measures in doubles of attributes based upon how those in charge of shipments and supplies handle their parts in delivering these goods through good attributesand services. These goes within reasons of dimension of qualities, cost of competitors, technology abilities and levels of service. Advantages of usage within methods of average weightiness scores within groups of underlined attributes sums up to be in multitudes of other evaluated means through lesser times. Negative results go with methods of these being tended to highlight means of what is important within being persuaded by others in bias and ending with negative results.In addition, these methods can also be subjected to assessments then objective assessments because of loss of methods scientifically speaking weighting within measures. Problem Two A. .u92687ce60a49a833d7c8eeefdd9b0492 , .u92687ce60a49a833d7c8eeefdd9b0492 .postImageUrl , .u92687ce60a49a833d7c8eeefdd9b0492 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u92687ce60a49a833d7c8eeefdd9b0492 , .u92687ce60a49a833d7c8eeefdd9b0492:hover , .u92687ce60a49a833d7c8eeefdd9b0492:visited , .u92687ce60a49a833d7c8eeefdd9b0492:active { border:0!important; } .u92687ce60a49a833d7c8eeefdd9b0492 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u92687ce60a49a833d7c8eeefdd9b0492 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u92687ce60a49a833d7c8eeefdd9b0492:active , .u92687ce60a49a833d7c8eeefdd9b0492:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u92687ce60a49a833d7c8eeefdd9b0492 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u92687ce60a49a833d7c8eeefdd9b0492 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u92687ce60a49a833d7c8eeefdd9b0492 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u92687ce60a49a833d7c8eeefdd9b0492 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u92687ce60a49a833d7c8eeefdd9b0492:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u92687ce60a49a833d7c8eeefdd9b0492 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u92687ce60a49a833d7c8eeefdd9b0492 .u92687ce60a49a833d7c8eeefdd9b0492-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u92687ce60a49a833d7c8eeefdd9b0492:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Two Ways To Belong In America Essay Calculate the price elasticity of demand for Newtons Donuts and describe what it means. Describe your answer and show your calculations. Demanded functions for Newtons Donut business has the following processes forQxequals minus 14 minus 54Pxplus 45Pyplus 0.62 Ax.Qxrepresent many donuts counts withPxpriced for every donut, andPyregular priced donuts from a different brand, and Ax represent much funds they invested in Newtons Donuts. Recent value means to how variables are adjusted are Ax equals 120 toPxequals 0.95 toPyequals 0.64. In addition,Qxequals -14minus 54 times .95 minus 45 times 64 minus .62 times 12 equals 37.9. The elasticity price of demand represents percentages changing in quantities of divided uses by percentages changed within pricing (Douglas, 2012). This represents the usages of methods by E towards p equalsQP times PQ, bringing it toQPxequals -54. Within this data, elasticities for price demands are calculations to equals -54 times .95 divided by 37.9 equals -1.35. Through these measures of demand foronesproducts decreasing by 1.35 percent to each 1 percent increasing in prices or demands within th ese products of increased means bythese calculations. Problem Two B. Derive an expression for the inverse demand curve for Newtons Donuts. Describe your answer and show your calculations. Inversed demand curves are calculated through formulas ofPxequals f(Qx). By use of demand functions being applied makes itQxequals -14 minus 54Pxplus 45Pyplus 0.62 Ax or,Pxequals (-14+45Py plus 0.64 Ax minusQx) divided by 54, as given toPxequals 1 divided by 54 times (89.2-Qx). Problem Two C. If the cost of producing Newtons Donuts is constant at $0.15 per donut, should they reduce the price and thereafter, sell more donuts (assuming profit maximization is the companys goal)? When it comes to costs for given donuts being at .15, brings to priced elasticizes of demands being at -1.35. This decreased prices by 1 percent, while increased by 1.35 percent. Through all means, Newtons Donut business decreased pricestoincrease profitsthrough increased demands. In addition, few of these prices have the demand of elasticity pricing and unites over the limit point to where prices will have the tendency of decreasing. Problem Two D. Should Newtons Donuts spend more on advertising? Through demand equations, there is usage to advertised expenses increasing by one dollar through demands increasing by .62 times 1 equals .62. These increases within profits from increased demands equals 6.2 times (.95 minus .15) equals .496, bringing to low forms of cost being increased by 1 dollar. New ton need to remain in proper standards of keeping things the same. References: Douglas, E. (2012). Managerial Economics (1st Ed.). San Diego, CA: Bridge point Education. Department of Finance and Personnel (2014). The Weighing and Scoring Method, IGS. Retrieved from:http://www.dfpni.gov.uk/eag-the-weighing-scoring-method

Slaughterhouse Five Essays (291 words) - Billy Pilgrim,

Slaughterhouse Five Slaughterhouse five is a very complex and twisted story about a World War Two veteran. The story is set in three different time periods of his' life. His name is Billy Pilgrim and he lives in Ilium New York. Billy graduated high school in the top third of his class. He attended night school at the Ilium School of Optometry. Soon after he was drafted and his father died while hunting. During war he was a chaplain's assistant. While serving he saw some action and was captured by the Germans. He met a fat antitank gunner named Roland Weary. He wasn't very popular or liked by people. They were taken to a prison with one hundred other American POWs. They were shipped by train for a few days and were temporarily set up at a crossroad. There the prisoners were given coats. Billy was given a civilan coat that was too small and in that coat he found a diamond. There, the English prisoners took care of them and helped Billy from going insane. While there they were given coats and Billy received a civilian coat with a large diamond in it.. He also found a pair a silver paratrooper boots. He looked like a clown. While on the way to that prison Weary died of a foot disease and asked people to avenge him. A couple days later the Americans were sent to Dresden to work. On the way there Billy met a car thief named Paul Lazzaro who was going to avenge Weary's death. The person Weary said was responsible was Billy but Lazzaro had better things on his mind. After a few days in Dresden the city was firebombed. The city was completely destroyed, and to Billy it looked like the moon. 130,000 souls lost their lives that night and that was the end of the war.

Rutherford B. Hayes Biography - 19th President of the US

Rutherford B. Hayes Biography - 19th President of the US    Rutherford B. Hayess Childhood and Education: Hayes was born into a family that had a long history of military service. Both his grandparents fought in the American Revolution. Born on October 4, 1822 in Delaware, Ohio eleven weeks after his fathers death, Hayes was raised by his mother. He attended a Methodist school and a college preparatory academy before attending Kenyon College. He graduated first in his class. He then studied law before entering Harvard Law School. He graduated in 1845 and was admitted to the bar. Family Ties: Hayes was born to Rutherford Hayes, a merchant and farmer, and Sophia Birchard Hayes. He had one sister named Fanny A. Platt. On December 30, 1852, Hayes married Lucy Ware Webb. She would later be dubbed  Lemonade Lucy for her banning of alcohol at the White House. Together, they had four sons and one daughter.   Rutherford B. Hayess Career Before the Presidency: In 1845, Hayes began practicing law in Ohio. From 1858-61, he served as the Cincinnati City Solicitor. Hayes served in the Civil War, rising to the rank of major general of volunteers. He showed valor on the battlefield having been wounded several times. He resigned soon after Lee surrendered in 1865. Hayes was quickly elected as a U.S. Representative serving from 1865-67. In 1868, Hayes became the Governor of Ohio. He served from 1868-1872 and again from 1876-77 when he became President. Becoming the President: In 1876, Republicans chose Hayes to run for president. He was opposed by Democrat Samuel J. Tilden who won the popular vote. However, the vote in three Republican-controlled states was in confusion. Tilden only needed one electoral vote to win while Hayes needed every vote from all three. When doing the recount, many Democratic ballots were ruled invalid in Florida and Louisiana. A investigative commission voted 8-7 along party lines to give all the electoral votes to Hayes allowing him to win. Events and Accomplishments of Rutherford B. Hayes’s Presidency: Hayes began his administration with the Compromise of 1877 by which military occupation of the South ended. This helped satisfy Southerners who were upset over the results of the election. Currency and whether silver should be bought and turned into coins or whether instead greenbacks should be redeemable in gold was in contention. The Bland-Allison Act passed in 1878 over Hayes veto required the government to buy silver in order to create more coins. The idea was that increased availability of money would help farmers and debtors. In 1879, the Resuption of Specie Act passed that backed greenbacks created after January 1, 1879 to be redeemable in gold. In 1880, Hayes had his Secretary of State create a pact with China which restricted Chinese immigration due to an anti-Chinese movement out west. This was a compromise because Hayes had vetoed a bill which didnt allow Chinese to immigrate at all. Post-Presidential Period: Hayes never planned to run for a second term in office and retired in 1881. He spent the rest of his life devoted to causes of importance to him such as providing scholarships to African Americans and encouraging temperance. He was also one of the trustees of Ohio State University. He died on January 17, 1893 of a heart attack. Historical Significance: President Hayes had strongly held views which he pushed forward throughout his administration. He believed in and proposed civil service reform measures. Further, he set down a policy that a canal in Central America could only be under American control as the French were attempting to create one during his administration. This would eventually lead to the development of the Panama Canal.

Relationship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Relationship - Essay Example All of us, more often than not, have been subject to peer pressure in workplace. So, through this topic I wanted to explain some of the stages that many people like me have to go through to develop a good relation with a coworker who is intent on degrading you. I would be telling about the starting of our relationship, the enmity and back-stabbing challenges, the effect it had on both our lives and then the friendship. A new job just like a new relation bring excitement with it. But that balloon of excitement is punctured when you make an enemy on a very first day, either by choice or coincidence. There would always be someone in the workplace who would not exactly appreciate you. Similarly there was this person who was a few months senior but pretending to be my boss. I always thought he appreciated my work that is why I used to get ‘a lot’ of work but soon I realized he was bullying me into doing his work. I confronted him and it got loud. A point to remember is that insulting someone always put a huge negative pressure on a relation. So then it started him making fun of me in front of everyone or anyone. And me messing with his work, but one day I went too far and almost got him fired. That brought me back to my senses and as an ‘I am sorry’ present I did a particularly hard project for him as he was having some personal issue. I did it out of remorse but it touched a vital cord in his heart. And from then onwards all enmity and jealousy ceased to exist. So, the journey from enmity to a lifelong friendship made me realize that workplace stress due to peer pressure is something we can help if we try. My coworker and I became lifelong friends not because I helped him in need, but because we made an effort to stop the enmity, jealousy and back stabbing for a more comfortable environment. So, I rephrase my first question,

Technical writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Technical writing - Essay Example cking are still being looked into, the various department heads of the company have decided to restrict the use of the email address to only official business until further notice. Our IT staff will also closely monitor the use of the email system and call the attention of those who violate the new policy. Continued violation of the new email policy will result in employee dismissal. Due to the delicate nature of our POS business, our company has decided to implement a Unique Employee Password Generation system on a monthly basis to replace our old individiualized password system that was based upon personal choice. This change is being undertaken by our IT department in cooperation with our Human Resources Department over the next month. You may access your Unique Employee Password by undertaking the following steps: Should you have any problems accessing your POS rights after the assignment of the new password, please do not hesitate to call the attention of Lisa Loeb at lisa.loeb@smssales.com. She is our point person during the implementation of this new project and she will always be on call to help you sort out any problems you might have as we slowly roll out this new password system. As a valued member of Eco Hotel and Spas Nature Lovers Club, it is my honor and privilege to present you with this free voucher for a weekend stay at our newest and most environmentally friendly hotel, the Azure Beach Resort. Our newest waterfront hotel this side of Beverly Hills. Located in on the north side of Beverly Hills, the beach boasts of the finest white sand this side of California, the bluest water to rival the color of our skies, and the pristine and almost untouched by human hands natural beauty of the forest adjacent to the hotel and beach. This members only beach resort shall have its soft opening on June 15, 2013 with only a handful of carefully selected Nature Lovers Club members gracing the occassion. I am more than pleased to have this opportunity to

Referendums: Arguments For and Against

Referendums: Arguments For and Against What are the arguments for and against the holding of popular referendums? Under what circumstances, if any, should they be held? The referendum has its origins in direct democracy, and can therefore be dated back to the 5th Century BC in the Greek city state of Athens. The concept of a referendum has changed and developed in line with democracy and can now be found in a number of differing forms throughout the developed world. A referendum is broadly defined by the Oxford English Dictionary as â€Å"a general vote by the electorate on a single political question†; however this definition fails to make distinctions between the many types of referendum which exist, or the modern day importance of referendums. In an initial classification there are three types of referendum as defined by the Britannica Concise Encyclopaedia. Obligatory referendums; which are required by law, optional referendums; which are put on the ballot when a sufficient number of voters sign a petition demanding that a law passed by the legislature be ratified by the people, and voluntary referendums; when legislatures submit to voter s to decide an issue or to test public opinion. There are a number of widely credited arguments both for and against the holding of popular referendums, however, there are only a few key ideas encapsulated in these arguments. Those in favour of referendums generally tend to point out that they; promote political participation and increase voter knowledge on issues as well as helping to strengthen democracy and further legitimate the government. Whilst arguments against referendums concentrate on ideas; that the public are ill equipped to make important political decisions, and that the information they do have is distorted through media influence, that referendums only provide an idea of public opinion at that one point in time, and that referendums weaken and remove power from the representative institutions elected by the public. The holding of popular referendums is key in a democratic system where the people are becoming, not only disengaged but disinterested in the political process as a whole. The use of referendums can help to counter this affect, provided that clear guidelines are set for when a referendum should take place. The word democracy comes from the Latin demos meaning the people and kratos meaning power or rule (OED); rule by the people. The practicalities of this literal definition, often referred to as direct democracy, are almost impossible in our world today, where in the UK in 2005 there were 44,245,939 people registered to vote (www.idea.int)[1]. However, representative democracy is a â€Å"limited and indirect form of democracy† (Heywood 2007:74) which relies on, in most cases, an electoral mandate for legitimacy. This electoral mandate has been called into question on a number of occasions in modern political history, most notably in the US presidential election of 2005 between George W Bush and Al Gore, and again in the UK General Election of 2005. Referendums could be seen in a modern political context as a stepping stone between direct and representative democracy. It is fair to say that in the majority of developed political societies people have the opportunity to vote into office representatives whom they believe to share policy views with. However, it would be impossible for any political party to represent all the views of its members and supporters, as a result parties may include certain policy promises in their manifestos that their voters do not want to see implemented (Caramani 2008:254). This, along with the fact that people vote for parties for such a wide range of reasons, mean that it is not possible to conclude that peoples policy preferences are the same as the party they vote for (Setala 1999: 14-16). Therefore, a referendum allows the public to show a direct opinion on a specific policy matter they would otherwise be impossible. Linked to the idea that referendums strengthen democracy with regards to policy decisions, there is also the theory that they legitimate government between elections. The period between major governmental elections is, in many countries, several years. In this time period governments can, for the most part, make decisions without any public consultation. There is therefore a danger that although these officials are elected as representatives, it is only the opposition parties and the checks and balances outlined in constitutions that prevent them from deviating from their original promises. Referendums allow the government to not only gauge public opinion on policy but also to make clear that the decisions they are making are in line with public attitude on issues concerning them, therefore providing another check against the power of government. Opponents to referendums argue that instead of strengthening democracy and legitimising government they in fact weaken the political system by removing power from elected bodies. Representative democracy is founded on the principle that elected officials represent the views of the people and make decisions on their behalf; therefore a referendum undermines this principle. Sir Patrick Nairne observed that â€Å"if Members of Parliament are elected to settle national issues of major policy brought before them by the Government, is it right to throw such issues back to the voters to settle† (Qvotrup 2005:23). This argument concerning the weakening of bodies is, although worth acknowledging, very limited in its view on referendums. It concentrates for the most part on the idea that referendums remove decision making power from elected bodies and would therefore render them both less effective and less powerful. However, this is an extreme view that fails to recognise that referend ums can be used to aid governments as well as the people, and provide a vital link between the two, as has already been argued. In the majority of political systems across the world we are witnessing a worrying downward trend in voter turnout. This can be attributed to a number of causes including; partisan dealignment, disenchantment with the political system and indifference to politics. Referendums can be used to help promote political participation by enabling the electorate to become better educated and informed and therefore reduce the feeling of alienation (Heywood 2007:250). By providing people with the opportunity to participate in referendums they are presented with the opportunity to educate and inform themselves on political issues. There is clearly a link between an informed electorate and higher levels of political participation, as Verba, Schlozman and Brady (1995) argue. This correlation arises from the fact that a more politically educated electorate is able understand the workings of government, and the issues affecting them; therefore seek to bring about change. Switzerland was one of the f irst countries to introduce referendums to make decisions on proposed legislation. Although turnout figures in Switzerland are not very high, around 45% (www.idea.int)[2], it can be argued that the Swiss people are more politically active than turnout figures show due to the fact that there is such a large number of referendums not everyone votes in all of them, and also that they are more involved with political parties and in other ways than most other countries. Aside from elections there are very few ways in which citizens can directly influence political decisions. There are provisions in most democratic countries for the electorate to have some personal contact with their representative, however for the most part people do not make use of this tool because they believe it to be ineffectual; issues raised in these arenas rarely have an effect on the outcome of policy. People are also able to join political parties yet; again, they are faced with the same problems of ineffectuality. A referendum therefore provides an answer to increasing ways for the electorate to positively participate in politics. A binding referendum permits the public to make the final decision on a specific policy, although these types of referendums are not widely used, it is rare for a government to go against the public even in a non-binding referendum. In 1975 the UK, both electorate and government, was divided over whether or not it should continue its membership in the European Economic Community. The overwhelming â€Å"Yes† vote to stay in Europe was upheld by the Labour government of the time, although it was not a binding referendum, and was hailed as a â€Å"historic decision† by Prime Minister Harold Wilson (www.bbc.co.uk/news)[3]. The counter arguments to increased political participation and voter knowledge through referendums are that; in fact, referendums can cause voter fatigue and decrease participation, and that the public are ill equipped to make important political decisions. The first of these arguments relies on the premise that the public would be able to vote on all or a large number of policies. However, this move back to direct democracy is not desirable for the public or the government; presenting the public with such a large number of opportunities to vote could indeed cause voting fatigue. There is a compromise to be found between allowing the public to vote on all policy and not allowing them to vote on it at all. The latter of these criticisms on referendums concern voter knowledge. It is ignorant to assume that the electorate are either not informed, or are unable, to educate themselves on political issues put to them in referendums. If people are able to vote and presumably make an informed decision on which political party they wish to represent them they are equally able to do so in a referendum. Critics argue that information is distorted through the media prior to referendums, and this is a problem worth considering. During the first referendum on the Lisbon Treaty in Ireland two of Rupert Murdochs biggest selling newspapers The Irish Sun and The Sunday Times were seen as going â€Å"hell for leather on a No vote† (www.guardian.co.uk)[4]; similarly the media coverage on the 1975 Common Market Referendum was heavily biased to the â€Å"Yes† campaign, it has been estimated that twenty times the amount of money was available to this campaign than to the â€Å"No† campa ign (www.europeansinglecurrency.com/referendum)[5]. Although in these instances the media seemed to have an influence on the final outcome there are other, more fundamental, factors which influence peoples decisions, the American political scientist John Zaller encapsulates this idea; â€Å"Every opinion is a marriage of information and predisposition† (Zaller 1992:6). For referendums to be used effectively it is important that the circumstances in which they should be held are clearly defined and upheld by law. When considering this point one must take into account that referendums should not used in a way that, as many opponents argue, undermines the authority of the elected bodies in a representative democracy. An answer to this is that referendums should only be used in matters of constitutional importance and not for other policy decisions. It is, after all, constitutions which safeguard the fundamental rights of the electorate as well as preventing the misuse of power by elected bodies (Dahl 2000: 124-127). However, only allowing people to vote on constitutional changes is very limiting, especially if the issue directly influences the way in which they live, and there may also be instances in which the government wishes to hold a referendum on another issue, therefore a wider definition for circumstances must be found. It would be almost impo ssible to define exactly which policy areas the electorate should be able to vote on in referendums. There are obviously issues on which it would be inappropriate to have a referendum, taxes are an obvious example; there are complex issues on which the public would probably not have the time or adequate resources to inform themselves on and which have no real affect on them, for example defence policies. Therefore the best course of action would probably be to allow the elected body to decide in these instances which policies it is sensible to put to a referendum. Australia, in fact follows these basic guidelines for holding referendums to great success. Compulsory national referendums are â€Å"held to approve government-proposed changes to the Australian Constitution†, the constitution specifies this; furthermore the government can also conduct optional referendums or ‘plebiscites to decide on matters outside of the constitution (www.wikipedia.org)[6]. This system of conducting referendums is ideal because the electorate are guaranteed a vote on constitutional issues as well as being given the opportunity, when appropriate, to vote on other policy matters. Referendums provide a vital direct link between government and the electorate which is otherwise unseen in representative democracies. They can help to promote political participation as well as creating a better informed electorate; they also strengthen democracy in modern society. Yet referendums, despite all of this are often criticised for the way in which they weaken elected bodies and do not provide a true gauge on public opinion, largely due to media influence. However, as has been argued none of these arguments hold much weight, especially in the face of a system where the use of referendums have clear guidelines, as in Australia, to be used for constitutional amendments and wherever else is seen as fit by the elected bodies in power. Referendums are a tool which should be used more widely in todays political systems of democracy as they are a manageable and positive step towards a hybrid political system which effectively combines representative and direct democracy. Bibliography Britannica Concise Encyclopaedia (2007) (London: Britannica Concise Encyclopaedia, Inc.) Caramani, Daniele (2008) Comparative Politics (Oxford: Oxford University Press) Dahl, Robert. A. (2000) On Democracy (Yale: Yale University Press) Heywood, Andrew (2007) Politics third edition (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan) Oxford Dictionary of English (2005) 2nd edition revised (Oxford: Oxford University Press) Setala, Maija (1999) Referendums and Democratic Government: Normative Theory and the Analysis of Institutions (Basingstoke: Macmillan) Verba, Sidney, Kay Lehman, Schlozman and Henry Brady (1995) Voice and Equality: Civic Voluntarism in American Politics (Cambridge: Harvard University Press) Zaller, John (1992) The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press) [1] â€Å"United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Voter Turnout International† Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance 2005 < http://www.idea.int/vt/country_view.cfm?country=GB> (13 Nov. 2009) [2] â€Å"Swiss Confederation Voter Turnout† International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance 2007 < http://www.idea.int/vt/country_view.cfm?id=42> (13 Nov. 2009) [3] â€Å"1975: UK embraces Europe on Referendum† 1975 < http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/6/newsid_2499000/2499297.stm> (13 Nov. 2009) [4] â€Å"NI votes NO in Irish referendum† 2009 < http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2009/oct/01/ireland-referendum-rupert-murdoch> (13 Nov 2009) [5] â€Å"Was the 1975 Referendum Conducted Fairley† A British Referendum 2003 < http://www.europeansinglecurrency.com/referendum.htm> (13 Nov 2009) [6] â€Å"Federal Referendums† Referendums in Australia 2009 < http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendums_in_Australia> (13 Nov 2009)

Epic of Beowulf Essay - Heroes †Then and Now :: Epic of Beowulf Essay

Beowulf - Heroes Then and Now Heroes today have changed from those of Beowulf's day. Back in the time of Beowulf heroes were mainly the protectors of the country such as warriors and kings. The roles have changed today were heroes consist of celebrities and sport players. The roles have changed because our society has changed as well. In the time of Beowulf the kings were of the utmost of importance. Without a king the country was sure to fall into ruins. The king's duty was to protect the country. He did this by keeping up with the wars of the surrounding country and finding warriors to protect the country. The king was highly respected and he had a very important job. Without the king there was no hope for the country. Today really is not all that different, instead of a king we have a president. Our president must still keep up with the foreign affairs including wars in order to protect our country. He must also be able to foresee any affect that foreign affairs might have on the country in the long run. It is out president's responsibility to ensure that our military divisions, including the airforce, navy, and army, are prepared and able to defend our nation or our nation's allies. In the epic, Beowulf, heroes were also warriors. These warriors were supposed to protect the country against "monsters" and invasions. The warriors were strong men who could physically make an attack or prevent an attack in order to protect their country. Beowulf was a warrior who was a hero to the country where the Danes lived. Beowulf was able to protect and serve the Danes by killing Grendel. Grendel was an evil monster who had been killing the people that had been sleeping in the hall that he haunted. Beowulf became a hero by not only killing Grendle but also by tearing off his shoulder arm and claw with his bear hands. This is an amazing feat that an ordinary man could not accomplish. To kill a monster with one's bear hands is simply unheard of! Today our heroes do not normally consist of a warrior as much as a sports player. They too, like the warrior, do things that the ordinary man could not do. Accomplishing unordinary feats is how they earn the respect of the nation. Their job is also equally important as the warrior because they allow people to escape their problems and lives for a while they watch the sport.

Ethical Philosophies of Machiavelli and Subramanian Essay

One of the greatest comparisons of all time is to contrast Niccolo Machiavelli’s â€Å"The Prince† with V. K. Subramanian’s â€Å"The Chanakya: Kautilya. † Critically, a look can be taken into several different elements of each author’s work to best compare and contrast them. To that end, a look will be taken at the political, social, and ethical philosophies of Machiavelli and Subramanian to determine how they differ and in which ways the philosophies are similar. Niccolo Machiavelli’s The Prince† in the early 1500’s as a way of adding his insight from what he had seen of politics and hereditary principality—even though â€Å"it was plagiarized during Machiavelli’s lifetime†¦[and] was never published by him†¦[making] the text [itself as] still disputable† (Machiavelli 11). While current versions of â€Å"The Prince† are attributed to him, this fact of plagiarism and publishing fraud make the work even more intriguing, given the subject matter itself. Of the work itself, Machiavelli said that â€Å"I pour myself out as fully as I can in meditation on the subject, discussing what a principality is, what kinds there are, how they can be acquired, how they can be kept, why they are lost; and if any of the fancies ever pleased you, this ought not to displease you; and to a prince, especially to a new one, it should be welcome† (Machiavelli 11). Machiavelli dedicated the work itself to Lorenzo de’ Medici, even after he was put to torture by the family for treachery. Machiavelli’s methods are one of unique significance as he is writing, having been there, in the thick of things. Essentially, â€Å"The Prince† is meant as a guidebook on how to rule in all princely matters for Lorenzo de’ Medici. Machiavelli wrote about how hereditary principalities worked, how to keep that inheritance, and even how a prince could gain a new principality, and how a prince should rule his people and act, as a prince, and politically. While Machiavelli essentially confined his writings to obtaining fortune, keeping and obtaining power, and virtue as a leader, a look can be taken into his writings to discover the philosophies beneath his ideas. In comparison, V. K. Subramanian’s â€Å"The Chanakya: Kautilya† was published in 1980 about and are translated from are translated from three works known as the â€Å"Chankyasutras,† the â€Å"Chankyanitidarpan† and the â€Å"Arthshastra† and are based upon the time in history around 300 BC. The intro of Subramanian’s work notes that â€Å"Chanakya, also known as Kautilya and Vishnugupta was the famous Indian Machiavelli who was responsible for the overthrow of the last ruler of the Nada Dynasty and the enthronement of Chandragupta Maurya†¦there is an interesting story about Chanakya’s first encounter with Chandragupta, which ultimately ended in their collaboration and capture of power† (Subramanian 1). Subramanian’s work, then, is a direct reflection of Machiavelli’s own. What makes them similar, however, despite the men within the tales, is the philosophies shared between the two. Machiavelli’s political philosophy is perhaps the easiest to pinpoint as the very purpose of his work revolved around the necessity of a prince to reign successfully. Machiavelli, actually, mainly focused on the political aspects of maintaining and gaining principalities. He notes that â€Å"let any one now consider with what little difficulty the king could have maintained his position in Italy had he observed the rules above laid down, and kept all his friends secure and protected; for although they were numerous they were both weak and timid, some afraid of the Church†¦and thus they would always have been forced to stand in with him, and by their means he could easily have made himself secure against those who remained powerful† (30). Machiavelli is urging his prince to take note of the past and understand that had the king protected his weaker neighbors, he would have not only gained them as allies—but also could have gained them as part of his reign. And, at all costs, he should protect his allies as he would protect his own lands. Politically, being a stronger power, he would have been made into the â€Å"leader,† who they would be indebted to and would follow with more loyalty than any money could purchase. And, to Machiavelli, the art of gaining allies and principalities, even de facto ones, was the art to be achieved. Even more so, Subramanian’s fourth maxim entitled â€Å"Advisors, Aides, Counselors, Ministers,† notes that â€Å"after equipping oneself fully, one should seek an ally (aide), one without an advisor has no certainty of counsel, one wheel does not move (the vehicle), the true aide serves alike in prosperity and adversity, a self respecting ruler should appoint as counselor, one who is inferior to him, and respects him†¦deflection to the enemy takes place due to negligence† (22-25). In this, Subramanian agrees wholeheartedly with Machiavelli’s statements. To be a successful ruler, allies must be taken and protected, first and foremost, before true rule can begin. The reason being, that with allies, a force become much stronger, incrementally, with each ally added. Furthermore, each ally must be protected and cared for to ensure their cooperation—but with that cooperation comes an extended kingdom. Indeed, Machiavelli’s social philosophy can be found within his writings on obtaining fortune. Machiavelli writes that â€Å"principalities are either hereditary, in which the family has been long established; or they are new†¦. such dominions thus acquired are either accustomed to live under a prince, or to live in freedom; and are acquired either by the arms of the prince himself, or of others, or else by fortune or by ability† (21). Machiavelli is commenting, simply, that the way in which a prince gains land is two-fold: either he inherits it or he fights for it. The manner in which the prince gains and obtains his land, however, is what makes the prince either beloved by his people or hated. For Machiavelli, gaining the most principalities possible by virtuous means was the ideal result. And, as he instructed his prince, it was best to be good, socially, if any hopes of maintaining that principality are held. In fact, Machiavelli comments that, for example, â€Å"Louis the Twelfth, King of France, quickly occupied Milan, and as quickly lost it; and to turn him out the first time it only needed Lodovico’s own forces; because those who had opened the gates to him, finding themselves deceived in their hopes of future benefit, would not endure the ill-treatment of the new prince† (23). Moreover, â€Å"it is very true that, after acquiring rebellious provinces a second time, they are not so lightly lost afterwards, because the prince, with little reluctance, takes the opportunity of the rebellion to punish the delinquents, to clear out the suspects, and to strengthen himself in the weakest places† (24). Thus, not only is it important for a prince to be clear in his occupation in a land, to become most beloved, he must first get rid of the troublemakers—thus leaving the peaceable, and willing to be occupied. If a prince does not take this step, he is left in hostile territory with people willing to stage an overthrow. On contrast, Subramanian writes out a few of the maxims of Chanakya, citing that â€Å"economic prosperity creates prosperity for the people, if the people are prosperous, even a leaderless state can be governed, people’s fury is the greatest of furies†¦[and] to be without a master is better than having an arrogant master† (22). In this, the two authors cannot be more different from the other. Machiavelli believes that the first step of any prince should be to take a firm grasp upon his principalities, to conquer new ones, and to rout the dissenters by force before they can rally for an overthrow. Machiavelli believes that by getting rid of the rebellious people before they can act, a leader can sustain and mark his position within his land, taking charge before the people even really know that it has happened. Then, once all the rebellion has been stamped out, a leader can begin to make his land prosperous. However, Subramanian cites a very different kind of social philosophy, making note that a leader might as well not exist if he intends to be a tyrant to the people, that a people have more respect for a man intent on prosperity, first, and rebellion last. Because, in an attempt to rout the dissenters, a leader would make a dent on the value the people hold for him—and thus their fury would remain. To really be a true leader and be beloved by his land, a leader must intend on affluence and prosperity as his bottom line. Finally, Machiavelli’s ethical and moral philosophy requires the most interpretation to highlight significantly. As Machiavelli writes about virtue in a leader, instructing a prince on how to act and behave, an ethical philosophy is formed. On contrast, Subramanian’s ethical philosophy stems from his ethical roots maxim that states â€Å"righteousness is the root of happiness, wealth is the root of righteousness, the state of the root is wealth, victory over senses is the root of the state, humility is the root of sense control, worship of elders is the root of humility, wisdom results from the worship of elders, with wisdom one can prosper, the prosperous one becomes the victorious one†¦[and] the victorious one obtains all the riches† (21-22). Despite it’s cryptic fortune-cookie nature, Subramanian’s writings do indeed have a fine message on ethical philosophy, here. In explicating the words, Subramanian is saying that to be a good leader, on must first be righteous, but to be righteous, one must first have wealth, to have wealth, one must first have victory, to have victory, one must first have humility, to have humility, one must listen to their elders to obtain wisdom, and with that wisdom a leader can prosper and be victorious in all they seek to achieve. The value here, is that Subramanian notes the significance of wisdom in all things. Without wisdom and following and heeding the elders who have come before, a leader stands no chance of being successful. Morally, a leader is obligated to his people to be triumphant so that the land can prosper, but without wisdom, a leader is nothing to his people but a tyrant. Subramanian says what Machiavelli does not. To Machiavelli, leading a people, by first disposing of the bad ones, is the best way for a prince to prosper in his lands. While he encourages his prince to be sound and wise, he first sends out the encouragement that the prince must always guard his assets, for fear of being overthrown or taken down by a greater force. To Machiavelli, obtaining land and prospering was, essentially, about war. To win that war, a prince had to be wise, and indeed, listen to his elders as well, but not in the ethical sense. Machiavelli meant for the prince to watch out for himself, first and foremost, and then, once the land became prosperous, Machiavelli encouraged the prince to be good to his people so that they would love him and understand that they were prosperous because of him. To Machiavelli, the ethical philosophy came last, after conquering and protecting one’s principalities. Overall, one of the greatest comparisons of all time is to contrast Niccolo Machiavelli’s â€Å"The Prince† with V. K. Subramanian’s â€Å"The Chanakya: Kautilya. † Taking a look at several different elements of each author’s work critically revealed a great level of significance as to their philosophies on politics, socially, and even ethically. Politically, Machiavelli and Subramanian follow the same philosophy, which intends a leader to find and protect allies first and foremost. As to social philosophy, however, the two authors cannot be more different. Machiavelli intends his prince to take charge and stamp out rebellion, while Subramanian cites that prosperity and kindness should be shown towards the new land. And finally, ethically, the two authors also differ. Machiavelli is intent on a prince who focuses on war and conquering new lands, and in this way a leader can gain wisdom and insight—however, to Subramanian, wisdom only comes by following one’s elders. Morally, a leader is obligated to his people to be triumphant so that the land can prosper, but without wisdom, a leader is nothing to his people but a tyrant. Works Cited. Machiavelli, Niccolo. The Prince. Trns. W. K. Marriott. New York: Plain Label Books, 1910. Subramanian, V. K. Maxims of Chanakya: Kautilya. India: Abhinav Publications, 1980.

A Continued Study Of The Real Life Story Behind - 2311 Words

Diana Dean ENG 1102 Sandra Rourke December 7, 2014 A CONTINUED STUDY OF THE REAL LIFE STORY BEHIND â€Å"WHERE ARE YOU GOING, WHERE HAVE YOU BEEN?† AND OF SERIAL KILLERS IN GENERAL The name of the man behind Joyce Carol Oates’s short story, â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?† is Charles Schmid, Jr. or â€Å"Smitty† as he was called by most everyone who knew him. I use both names interchangeably. The names of Schmid’s victims were Alleen Rowe whom he killed on May 31, 1964, with the help of two friends, John Saunders and Mary French; and Gretchen Fritz, and her sister, Wendy Fritz, whom he killed on August 16, 1965. My outside research on Charles Schmid, Jr. included reading the book, â€Å"Cold-Blooded, The Saga of Charles Schmid, the Notorious ‘Pied Piper of Tucson’† written by John Gilmore; reading the book, â€Å"Catching Serial Killers: Learning from Past Serial Murder Investigations† written by Earl James; and searching â€Å"Charles Schmid, Jr.† and â€Å"serial killers† on the Internet. How the minds of serial killers work is a very interesting subject indeed. I marvel at how a person could take the life of another human being – and enjoy it. Motivations behind one wanting to kill another can stem from feeling dismissed or rebuffed, the need for power and the need for perfection. It is also possible that a serial killer is trying to overcome some sort of physical limitation. 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